Which of the following is the MOST important atmospheric component with regard to the earth’s climate and the formation of weather systems?

The atmosphere is heated chiefly by radiation emitted from the earth’s surface.

Which complement component is common to both alternate and classical pathways?

Multiple choice: Epithelial surfaces provide the first line of defense against infection by the use of several types of mechanisms. One of the chemical mechanisms used by epithelia is

C5b6789 is the membrane attack complex when complement is activated

C3 convertase cleaves C3 in blood plasma, leading to a conformational change in the C3b fragment that exposes its reactive thioester group. The activated C3b is potentially harmful to the host, if it becomes covalently attached to a host cell, rather than to the surface of a pathogen. This deleterious outcome is largely avoided by:

The inflammatory response is characterized by four classic symptoms: heat, redness, pain, and swelling. In some instances, this response can be triggered by stimuli that are non-infectious such as asbestos. When exposure to the stimulating trigger is persistent, a state of chronic inflammation can result. This process is likely to be detrimental to the health of the host.

The alternative pathway of complement activation has an important role in innate immunity, due to its ability to greatly amplify the amount of C3b deposited onto the pathogen surface. This amplification occurs because:

The first and most important barrier for keeping pathogens out of the human body is:

The difference between activating and inhibitory receptors  in NK cells lie in their association with accessory proteins that promote downstream signaling, or in their ability to recruit and activate inhibitory phosphatases, respectively.