What occurs during the herniation of an intervertebral disc? 

A 35-year-old female with a family history of breast cancer is found to have a germline mutation in the BRCA1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene.  What is the significance of this mutation for her cancer risk? 

How do the signs and symptoms of cancer in children often differ from those in adults? 

What is the primary structural difference between hemoglobin A and hemoglobin S? 

What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone tissue? 

A patient who recovered from a previous infection has a rapid and robust immune response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. Which cells are responsible for this enhanced response in humoral immunity? 

What triggers the sickling of red blood cells in sickle cell disease? 

A patient with a bacterial infection in the bloodstream is treated with antibiotics. Which type of immunity is primarily responsible for targeting these extracellular bacteria? 

Which of the following is a common cause of rotator cuff injuries in the shoulder? 

A patient with seasonal allergies experiences symptoms upon exposure to pollen. What is the sequence of events leading to these symptoms?