You prop open the gill covers of a fish, tie a string around…

You prop open the gill covers of a fish, tie a string around the fish’s tail, and pull it backwards through the water. This action forces water to flow into the back of the gill covers and out through the fish’s mouth (the opposite direction that water normally flows across gills). What effect would this backwards movement of water flow likely have on gas exchange?

TT is a 52-year-old white male who presents to his primary c…

TT is a 52-year-old white male who presents to his primary care physician with a chief complaint of shortness of breath. He works in construction and finds himself winded more often than not. A smoker since the age of 15, TT now smokes 10 cigarettes per day. The primary care physician sends TT for spirometry testing, which reveals that his FEV/FVC is 50%. Concerned with this result, the physician refers to the guidelines and prescribes therapy. Which standards or guidelines would be most helpful to TT’s care?