Barrier islands: a) What effects do waves have on the size and location of barrier islands? b) What is the effect of barrier islands on waves, and what consequence does this have for the mainland coast?

How is ocean acidification connected to global warming and climate change?  Be sure to answer in your own words.

Tidal Wetlands: Describe three (3) important differences between beaches and tidal wetlands (not ordinary wetlands). Present your answer in the form of a list that directly compares the two, like this:1.  Beaches have _____.  This is different from tidal wetlands which have _____.2.  3. If you are not familiar with tidal wetlands, see the photos in the OPTIONAL folder.

The two modern methods of mapping the seafloor are echo sounding and satellite altimetry, as described in the chapter and the Townsend 1-page reading assignment.  Explain how each method works for mapping the seafloor (approximately 3 sentences each).  Include      (1) what is measured     (2) how these measurements are converted to water depth.

Consider the following reaction:6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) ↔ C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g)    Initially a 500 mL container had only 0.25 mol of CO2 gas. After the reaction is allowed to reach equilibrium only 0.08 mol CO2 remain. What is the equilibrium constant for this equation?

Coriolis effect (after watching the assigned video):  a) Which way does the Earth rotate on its axis?  (East to west, or west to east?)  b) The Coriolis effect is a consequence of this rotation.  Why are the ocean and atmosphere influenced by the Coriolis effect when other parts of the Earth system, such as glaciers and soils, are not?

Latent heat:  The topic of latent heat is discussed in Chapter 3 section 3.3.1 Heat Properties and in Chapter 4 section 4.4.1 Latent Heating.  Phase changes include the processes of evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, and deposition of water.  Phase changes do not involve temperature changes.  The scientific term for this kind of heat transfer is “latent heat”.  See Figure 3.3B, shown below with its figure caption.  That figure applies whether the temperature is increasing OR decreasing.  A VIDEO explaining this figure is posted on the Ch04 Reading and Video Assignments page.  Don’t worry about the brief equations.  The rest of the video is very good. a)  Using the concept of latent heat, explain why changes in the phase of water (between gas, liquid, and solid) also transfer heat energy within the Earth systems.  b)  Describe how this process could transfer latent heat from the ocean to the atmosphere.  c)  At what point in the process would the atmosphere become warmer?   (Figure 3.3B) Water’s latent heat of fusion (melting) is the amount of heat that must be added to convert ice to water at the freezing (melting) point temperature. Water’s latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat that must be added to water to convert water to water vapor at boiling point temperature. Both of these are high to provide energy to overcome the hydrogen bond attraction. As latent heat is added to change the phase, there is no change in temperature. In the reverse processes, the same amounts of latent heat that were added are released when water vapor condenses and when water freezes. The specific heat of water is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1°C and is measured in calories per gram-degree Celsius (Joules per gram-degree Celsius). The same amount of heat is released as water cools.  

Lithogenous sediment:  a) What kind of material is this?  Where does it come from? b) What brings this sediment from land to the ocean around Alaska?  Give at least two answers, WITH EXPLANATION (approximately two sentences each).  Extra credit for a good third answer to part (b).

Sediment grain size: a) What is the relationship between (1) the size of sediment grains and (2) the energy of the water that carries those sediment grains?    Notes:1. This question is not about well-sorted versus poorly sorted sediments.  It’s about grain size.2. You should assume that the water we are talking about does not change the grain size of the sediments; it simply carries them. b) Suggest what oceanographers can learn from mapping the grain sizes of sediment that has settled onto the seafloor.

Which of the following is an ineffective approach to evidence in a presentation?