“Thirty or forty persons, mostly lads, being by this means g…

“Thirty or forty persons, mostly lads, being by this means gathered in King Street, Captain Preston with a party of men with charged bayonets, came from the main guard to the commissioner’s house, the soldiers pushing their bayonets, crying, make way! They took place by the custom house and, continuing to push to drive the people off, pricked some in several places, on which they were clamorous and, it is said, threw snow balls. On this, the Captain commanded them to fire; and more snow balls coming, he again said, damn you, fire, be the consequence what it will! One soldier then fired, and a townsman with a cudgel struck him over the hands with such force that he dropped his firelock; and, rushing forward, aimed a blow at the Captain’s head which grazed his hat and fell pretty heavy upon his arm. However, the soldiers continued the fire successively till seven or eight or, as some say, eleven guns were discharged.”                                                                                                                    Boston Gazette Article, 1770   The event being described above was caused, in part, by:

“In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities aga…

“In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders. . . . In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province’s 2,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards’ fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors…. Some Pueblo leaders . . . urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans.” David J. Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992   Which of the following most shaped the events described in the excerpt?