Marine organisms are unlikely to to make their way between the tropical Atlantic and Pacific through the Panama Canal, except in the ballast tanks of ships, because this canal is freshwater

A 2001 paper by J. Jackson and 18 other authors made the provocative suggestion that progressive loss of large consumers, due to human consumption beginning long ago, underlies the present nearly collapsed state of important coastal ecosystems.  For each of these ecosystems what are these historically important key consumers that now have relatively small populations in many places?   kelp forests

When algal species that had been used in successful mariculture programs in some parts of the south Pacific were transported to Hawaii (where they do not grow naturally) to build a mariculture program there, they began to grow unchecked on the coral reefs, smothering the corals.

Mariculture is most successful (i.e., sustainable and not damaging) when start-up funding comes from outside the local community, and thus the owners have no stake in the long-term health of the environment at that site

For each of these ecosystems, which is the resulting problem that the 2001 paper by Jackson and 18 other authors consider to have been caused by removal of too many consumers?   kelp forests

For each of these ecosystems, which is the resulting problem that the 2001 paper by Jackson and 18 other authors consider to have been caused by removal of too many consumers?   the enormous estuarine system of the Chesapeake Bay, and recently also Florida Bay 

For each of the following marine organisms, please write the letter corresponding to the listed characteristic (A through D below) that contributes most to their vulnerability to extinction.   sardines

For each of the following marine organisms, please write the letter corresponding to the listed characteristic (A through D below) that contributes most to their vulnerability to extinction.   Grouper fish

Lack of shelter, due to lack of physical structure, in the epipelagic can be solved by:

Mariculture is most successful (i.e., sustainable and not damaging) if the coastal mangroves are completely cleared away so that they don’t interfere with building roads for the trucks that carry the seafoods to markets