Scenario: At a workplace, employees are given a new company manual stating that “all personal phone calls must be limited to 5 minutes during work hours.” Employees read the rule but do not experience any immediate consequences for violating it. Nevertheless, most employees limit their calls. In contrast, in another department, workers receive small bonuses if they are observed limiting calls; violations are met with minor reprimands.  Question: Analyze the two departments and explain whether employees’ behavior is more rule-governed or contingency-shaped, and why.

“The peak shift phenomenon occurs when the highest response rate shifts away from Sᴰ after discrimination training with an SΔ.”

The sound of a pellet feeder in Skinner’s experiment became a reinforcer for rats because it had been paired with food.

Correspondence relations involve:

Contingency-shaped behavior is primarily influenced by experiences rather than verbal descriptions.

Token economies are more successful when:

The reinforcing effect of a token depends on its exchangeability for reinforcers.

Submission can reinforce aggression by functioning as:

In a chain schedule, which component directly produces unconditioned reinforcement?

According to delay-reduction theory, a stimulus is more valuable if it signals a larger reduction in delay to reinforcement.