The spark that set off the 1943 race riot in Detroit was an incident at a __________.

Herbert Hoover believed that __________.

By the Great Depression, in which area were black female workers concentrated?

Charles Hamilton Houston’s principal weapon in combatting discrimination was __________.

What did Roosevelt’s landslide win in the 1932 presidential election reflect?

Choose the main pattern of organization of the passage. The rubber balloon is an interesting elastic object. As an elastic balloon is inflated with helium and stretched away from its initial shape, the rubber exerts a force inward to restore equilibrium. As a result, each region of the balloon’s surface experiences three forces: an outward force from the pressure of helium inside, an inward force from the elastic skin of the balloon itself, and an inward force from the pressure of air outside. Once the balloon stops expanding and reaches a new state of equilibrium, it must be experiencing zero net force; the outward force must balance the two inward forces. Therefore, the pressure of the helium inside the balloon must be somewhat greater than the pressure of the outside air.

Choose the main pattern of organization of the passage. In the early 1900s, few people understood what could be done with rockets, and financial support for rocket development was difficult to obtain. It was not until 1926 that Robert Goddard launched the first liquid fuel rocket. Despite Goddard’s successes, rocket development in the United States proceeded very slowly with little government interest. It was Germany that brought about the rapid development of liquid fuel rockets in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The German V2 rocket, developed under the direction of Wernher von Braun (1912–1977), was the first missile to travel faster than the speed of sound, covering approximately 200 km in 5 minutes. The V2 was a potent terror weapon, and thousands were launched toward Antwerp and London during World War II. After the war, the Allies carted off every source of information about V2 technology that they could find, including von Braun himself, who eventually helped the United States put a man on the moon.

Choose the main pattern of organization of the passage. The Affordable Care Act of 2010 enabled more than 20 million previously uninsured Americans to gain access to healthcare. Yet costs have continued to rise—making healthcare unaffordable for many everyday people. So how can our country control costs while providing healthcare for all? A single-payer system would allow the government to negotiate prices and use tax revenues to pay for universal coverage. Virtually every other industrialized country uses a single-payer system—providing better care at less than half the cost. And in comparison with private, for-profit insurance companies, our own single-payer system, Medicare, provides greater access with much lower administrative costs. In fact, the Kaiser Family Foundation has found that Medicare spends less per person on care and controls spending more effectively than private insurers. So instead of subsidizing insurance companies, why don’t we skip the “middlemen” and spend our money directly on healthcare for all Americans?

Choose the main pattern of organization of the passage. Heavy use of groundwater causes a regional water table to drop. In parts of western Texas and eastern New Mexico, the pumping of groundwater from the main underground water source has caused the water table to drop 30 meters over the past few decades. The lowering of the water table means that wells must be deepened and more electricity must be used to pump the water to the surface. Moreover, as the water is withdrawn, the ground surface may settle because the water no longer supports the rock and sediment. Mexico City has subsided more than 7 meters and portions of California’s Central Valley 9 meters because of extraction of groundwater. Such subsidence can crack building foundations, roads, and pipelines. Overpumping of groundwater also causes compaction and porosity loss in rock and soil, and can permanently ruin good aquifers.

Choose the main pattern of organization of the passage. The biological significance of a single sperm is very different from that of a single egg. For healthy men, sperm is a “renewable resource” produced by the testes throughout most of the life course. A man releases hundreds of millions of sperm in a single ejaculation, technically enough to fertilize every woman in North America. However, a newborn girl’s ovaries contain her entire lifetime allotment of immature eggs. A woman releases a single egg from the ovaries every month. Whereas men are biologically capable of fathering thousands of offspring, a woman is able to bear a much smaller number of children.