Delay discounting is only observed in human subjects.

Describe how information about good news can function as a conditioned reinforcer in everyday settings (e.g., stock market updates, exam grades).

Second-order schedules allow the evaluation of conditioned reinforcement without direct food reinforcement on every response.

In concurrent-chain schedules, the patterned stimuli on keys serve as:

Why is backward chaining particularly useful for teaching children with developmental disabilities?

In a second-order schedule, a brief stimulus (e.g., light flash) maintains responding because:

In a heterogeneous chain, each link requires a different response.

Describe a real-world example of how behavioral economics has been used to reduce substance abuse.

A homogeneous chain involves:

Which strategy has been shown to reduce delay discounting and encourage better decision-making?