Carla was once bitten by a snake and now shows a flat generalization gradient for conditioned fear. The flat generalization gradient means that:

According to a “general laws of learning” perspective, _________ is the primary determinant of behavior.

According to the text, place learning is superior to response learning in rats:

Sparky is a Labrador retriever whose owner hits him each time he runs even though he is doing nothing wrong. His owner also kicks him if he is in his way. When sparky’s own abuses him, he does not avoid it anymore because he is exhibiting ___________________.

Ellis’s mother was distant and sometimes cold. She rarely showed affection to Ellis. In fact, Ellis’s daycare workers began to wonder if Ellis’s mother cared for Ellis at all. As a result, Ellis formed a ___________ relationship with her mother.

Which of the following reinforcers is immune to devaluation?

Compulsive gamblers are likely to release high levels of _________ when gambling.

According to the work of Breland and Breland, the ability of food reinforcement to control behavior is limited because:

Stephanie has learned that if she asks for money from her mother she will receive it without a problem. However, she knows that if she asks for money from her father she will get scolded for spending all of her allowance and will not be given money. This is an example of:

The area of the brain critically involved in the formation of long-term declarative memories is