A 45-year-old woman presents with a several-month history of progressive fatigue, muscle weakness, unintentional weight loss of 15 pounds, and episodes of dizziness upon standing. On examination, you note diffuse hyperpigmentation of her skin, particularly in the palmar creases and buccal mucosa, and a blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg. You suspect primary adrenal insufficiency. Which of the following laboratory panels would be the most appropriate initial investigation to order?

Anemias characterized by microcytic (low Mean Corpuscular Volume – MCV) red blood cells include which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Crohn’s disease is an autoimmune disorder that can damage the microvilli in the small intestine. What is the function of microvilli? 

A patient is being evaluated for a newly reported history of increased bleeding tendencies, including frequent gum bleeding and large bruises from minor bumps. Which of the following laboratory tests are commonly included in the initial screening panel for a suspected bleeding disorder? (Select all that apply)

All of the following are nutritional concerns for older adults EXCEPT: 

A 45-year-old woman presents with a several-month history of progressive fatigue, muscle weakness, unintentional weight loss of 15 pounds, and episodes of dizziness upon standing. On examination, you note diffuse hyperpigmentation of her skin, particularly in the palmar creases and buccal mucosa, and a blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg. You suspect primary adrenal insufficiency. Which of the following laboratory panels would be the most appropriate initial investigation to order?

Which of the following is an organ of the gastrointestinal tract? 

A 68-year-old male presents with progressive fatigue, paresthesias in his lower extremities, and a sore tongue for the past few months. His lab work reveals a low hemoglobin level, and subsequent tests confirm a diagnosis of pernicious anemia. The peripheral blood smear analysis for this patient is most likely to describe the red blood cells as:

A complete blood count (CBC) and peripheral blood smear in a patient suggest either thalassemia or sickle cell anemia. Which of the following laboratory studies is most appropriate to confirm the specific type of hemoglobinopathy?

This final exam is 100 multiple-choice questions over all the material covered this semester. You will have 80 minutes to complete it. This exam must be completed in a single sitting, and you will not be able to save and return to it at another time. If you are familiar with the material, this will be ample time to complete the exam.