Acid (pH less than 7) is present and used as a defense in all of the following body locations EXCEPT:

As scientists and healthcare professionals are learning, SARS-CoV-2 (the COVID-19 coronavirus) is spread by respiratory droplets and is associated with fever, cough, and difficulty breathing that last about two weeks in some symptomatic humans. Which of the following identifies the etiology of this disease?

CASE 5:  A 7-year-old boy is taken to the emergency room by his mother after she finds him unresponsive in his bed. She states that her son was sent home from school 3 days earlier after showing flu-like symptoms. He awoke the next morning with body aches, a cough, a sore throat, and a runny nose. After 2 days of taking over-the-counter children’s cold medicine, he had not improved. Upon arriving at the hospital, he is dehydrated, pale, and shaky. The physician notes that he is wheezing and has slight difficulty breathing. A chest X-ray indicates pneumonia of the right lung, which is subsequently determined to be viral. As the patient’s immune defenses begin to act, which of the following is probably NOT occurring?

CASE 5:  A 7-year-old boy is taken to the emergency room by his mother after she finds him unresponsive in his bed. She states that her son was sent home from school 3 days earlier after showing flu-like symptoms. He awoke the next morning with body aches, a cough, a sore throat, and a runny nose. After 2 days of taking over-the-counter children’s cold medicine, he had not improved. Upon arriving at the hospital, he is dehydrated, pale, and shaky. The physician notes that he is wheezing and has slight difficulty breathing. A chest X-ray indicates pneumonia of the right lung, which is subsequently determined to be viral. The rapid and intense onset of signs and symptoms following exposure to the virus suggests that the infection is _____.

Which phagocytic cells are the body’s first responders, arriving at the site of tissue damage and inflammation first?

Which chemical signal secreted by a macrophage ‘selects’ a helper T cell to begin cloning itself during an adaptive immune response?

CASE 5:  A 7-year-old boy is taken to the emergency room by his mother after she finds him unresponsive in his bed. She states that her son was sent home from school 3 days earlier after showing flu-like symptoms. He awoke the next morning with body aches, a cough, a sore throat, and a runny nose. After 2 days of taking over-the-counter children’s cold medicine, he had not improved. Upon arriving at the hospital, he is dehydrated, pale, and shaky. The physician notes that he is wheezing and has slight difficulty breathing. A chest X-ray indicates pneumonia of the right lung, which is subsequently determined to be viral. B-Cells (and other APCs of the immune system) display antigens on their surface using _____.

CASE 5:  A 7-year-old boy is taken to the emergency room by his mother after she finds him unresponsive in his bed. She states that her son was sent home from school 3 days earlier after showing flu-like symptoms. He awoke the next morning with body aches, a cough, a sore throat, and a runny nose. After 2 days of taking over-the-counter children’s cold medicine, he had not improved. Upon arriving at the hospital, he is dehydrated, pale, and shaky. The physician notes that he is wheezing and has slight difficulty breathing. A chest X-ray indicates pneumonia of the right lung, which is subsequently determined to be viral. Viral antigens are often unable to activate B-Cells directly. In this event, B-Cells will display viral antigens on their surface. The displayed antigens can then be recognized by _____, which activate the B-Cells and cause clonal expansion.

Why are narrow spectrum antibiotics recommended for use (instead of broad spectrum drugs) whenever possible?

Some protective antibodies produced by infected individuals during COVID-19 infections bind to the SARS-CoV-2 enveloped virus’ spike proteins and stop them from functioning. As a result, these protective antibodies directly block viral _____.