To acidify the lumen of lysosomes (compartments in the cell…

To acidify the lumen of lysosomes (compartments in the cell involved in breakdown and recycling of biomolecules), V-type ATPase transporters are used to pump protons (H+) into the lumen (interior) of the lysosome. If the pH of the inside of the cell (cytosol) is 7.4 (4 x 10-8 M H+) and the luminal pH of the lysosome is 4.0 (1 x 10-4 M H+), calculate the free energy for a mole of protons (H+) to be pumped from the cytosol into the lumen of the lysosome. Note: We can consider, when determining membrane potential, that the movement of a solute molecule from the cytosol into the lumen of a lysosome is the same as movement from the inside of the cell to outside the cell.

In the disease Cystic Fibrosis (CF), a chloride channel (CFT…

In the disease Cystic Fibrosis (CF), a chloride channel (CFTR) is defective which results in reduced Cl− and water movement across the plasma membrane. In the lungs this is serious because mucus builds up leading to colonization by infectious bacteria. If you learn that the CFTR is a member of the family of ABC transporters, what might you conclude about the CFTR?

Jan is a social work counselor at a school for children with…

Jan is a social work counselor at a school for children with emotional and behavioral problems. After a particularly difficult day at work, she returns home and discusses the experiences she had that day with her close friend, who is a journalist, over a few drinks. These stories are eventually published in multiple versions in different newspapers and Websites. This is a violation of the principle of: