“The great and leading principle is, that the General Government emanated from the people of the several states, forming distinct political communities, and acting in their separate and sovereign capacity, and not from all the people forming one aggregate political community; that the Constitution of the United States is, in fact, a compact, to which each state is a Party, . . . and that the several states, or parties, have the right to judge of its infractions. . .I conceive to be the fundamental principle of our system, resting on facts as certain as our revolution itself, . . . and I firmly believe that on its recognition depend the stability and safety of our political institutions.”                                                                         John C. Calhoun, Address to the Southern States, 1831 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to applaud the sentiments expressed by Calhoun?  

“A firm union will be of the utmost moment to the peace and liberty of the states, as a barrier against domestic faction and insurrection.”                                                                                                                                                                                                               Alexander Hamilton “I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive. It places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people.”                                                                                                                                       Thomas Jefferson   Which of the following was the most direct result of the ideas expressed in the quotes above?

“Joseph Smith… came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide. . . . In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon…. He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight.” Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism’s Founder, 2005   The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?

“As Clay envisioned it , the American System constituted the… basis for social improvement…. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products.” Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, published in 2007   Which of the following most directly made possible the ideas described in the excerpt?  

“A firm union will be of the utmost moment to the peace and liberty of the states, as a barrier against domestic faction and insurrection.”                                                                                                                                                                                                               Alexander Hamilton “I am not a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive. It places the governors indeed more at their ease, at the expense of the people.”                                                                                                                                       Thomas Jefferson   Which of the following was most supportive of the ideas expressed by Hamilton?

“On the subject of slavery…I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice…On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation…I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL BE HEARD.” –William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831   Opponents of Garrison’s ideas expressed in the excerpt would most likely have argued that:

  Though a supporter of “strict construction” of the Constitution, Jackson was notable for which of the following?

The patient requires a drug that is known to be completely metabolized by the first-pass effect. What change will be needed when this drug is administered?

A congenital disease can be genetically inherited to offspring. 

Once communicative intent has been achieved, then intentional communication involves the relaying of our own experience and knowledge to other people, as well as the gaining of knowledge from others. Explain the relationship between word knowledge and world knowledge.