A patient reports frequent nighttime awakenings and difficulty maintaining sleep continuity. This presentation is most consistent with:

A 60‑year‑old patient with difficulty initiating sleep is started on ramelteon. What is the primary pharmacological target of ramelteon?

A patient presents with both depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances. Which first‑line treatment is commonly considered for this co‑occurrence?

A patient describes a chronic history of mild depressive symptoms persisting for over two years. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is an advantage of SNRIs over SSRIs in certain clinical scenarios?

Finding that a patient’s responses are minimal during the interview, the clinician opts to modify the approach. Which interviewing technique is most appropriate?

 A patient started on buspirone for GAD reports that symptom improvement only becomes noticeable after several weeks of therapy. Which explanation best accounts for this delay?

 In a psychiatric interview, the clinician asks, “How has your cultural background influenced your experience of distress?” This question is an example of which approach?

A clinician uses a structured interview to determine the onset and duration of a patient’s symptoms. This approach is characteristic of:

A patient in a major depressive episode is most likely to report: