In individuals with healthy lungs the difference between end tidal PCO2 and arterial PCO2 ranges between 2 to 5 mmHg, and can provide an estimate of PaCO2.  

A 31-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency department following a motor vehicle accident. The paramedics brought her into the ER in respiratory distress. She was intubated in the field and started on mechanical ventilation as soon as she arrived. Breath sounds were clear on the left and absent on the right. Percussion revealed resonance on the left and hyperresonance on the right. The patient’s trachea was shifted to the left. The most likely cause of this patient’s clinical presentation is which of the following?

Edi Signal reflects what physiological parameter?

The factors that influence the pts ability to produce a normal MIP or NIF are which of the following? I. respiratory muscle strength II. ventilatory dirve III. phrenic nerve function IV. oxygenation status

A male patient (74-kg IBW) is being ventilated with PC-CMV, f = 12/min, pt rate of 8, PIP = 20 cm H2O, TI = 1.5 seconds; the resulting flow-time scalar is shown below. The patient’s measured VT is 435 mL. ABG results on these settings are: pH 7.32, PaCO2 54 mm Hg, HCO3- 25 mEq/L. The most appropriate action to take is which of the following?

A suctioning attempt should take no longer than…

What is the primary purpose of an obturator?

There is a male pt that is on the ventilator that is being ventilated with APRV, your current settings are: Thigh 4.8 sec PHigh 30 cmH20 Tlow .6 sec PLow 0 The pt is sedated, you want to increase ventilation to blow off CO2, what change would you make to their current settings?

Type I hypoxemic respiratory failure, may be caused by which of the following? I. anatomical or physiological shunt II. hypoventilation III. ventilation to perfusion mismatch IV. hyperventilation

Indications for artificial airways are which of the following? I. airway is compromised II. bypass defense mechanism III. facilitate suctioning IV. patient’s airway can no longer perform proper functions