A patient with severe kyphoscoliosis presents with progressive shortness of breath and reduced lung volumes. What is the primary cause?

Which congenital heart defect is characterized by abnormal communication between the right and left atria, resulting in excessive pulmonary blood flow and potential right-sided volume overload?

Which of the following differentiates migraine from tension-type headaches?

Which of the following best describes the cause of septic shock?

Which of the following best explains the cardiovascular effects of anaphylactic shock?

What happens when macrophages engulf modified LDL cholesterol?

Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause hypoxemia due to ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch?

Which of the following best describes the difference between a gene and an allele?

A patient presents with redness, warmth, and swelling in a localized area of infection. What is the primary mechanism leading to edema in this case?

A 78-year-old man presents with worsening exertional dyspnea and occasional dizziness. He has a history of long-standing hypertension. Echocardiography shows concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with preserved ejection fraction. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?