Although network-layer protocol, i.e., IP, is not yet fully…

Although network-layer protocol, i.e., IP, is not yet fully studied by the exam, it has been mentioned or appeared in the book (and talked about in class) more than once that IP is said to be an unreliable service. Can you explain why by giving two (or more) reasons?

Suppose that we have the following three 4-bit words in a pa…

Suppose that we have the following three 4-bit words in a packet to transmit via UDP protocol: 1101, 0101, and 0111.  Question (1) What should be the checksum to be transmitted in the packet? Question (2) If the receiver gets the checksum with no errors and the three words in the packet are, 0101, 1101, and 0111, which are in the same order as they are transmitted, then, based on our UDP or Internet checksum method, what would the receiver say about the received packet? That is, are there errors introduced into the packet?  

Let Rs and Rc be the rate of each link as shown in the figur…

Let Rs and Rc be the rate of each link as shown in the figure above. In case of Rs Rc, The backlog of bits at the router waiting for transmission to the client will grow and grow. Assume the throughput of this network is found to be P bps. The time it takes to transfer a file of F bits from server to client in the above network should be .  (First blank must be a relational operator like =, >, =,