Explain what “qualia” and “phenomenal consciousness” are, what property dualism says (also be sure to distinguish it from substance dualism), and, finally, explain one of the arguments for substance dualism.

Describe the effects of maturation and aging on the latency of the P300 response. (2 points) How do these changes correlate with cognitive function across the lifespan? (1 point)

Which of the following best describes how adaptation is reflected in auditory evoked potentials?

What are the two types of stimuli used in an oddball paradigm (2 points), and what characteristics must each stimulus have to elicit a reliable event-related potential response (2points)?

List and explain 3 stimulus-related factors that influence MMN recording:

Identify the two main artifacts that can contaminate the MLR and explain how to minimize their effects. NOTE: In your response, describe the time range in which these artifacts typically occur, the conditions under which they are activated, and the methods used to reduce their impact on MLR recordings.

Clinical Case Question: Emma, a 5-year-old girl, presents with concerns regarding her speech and language development. Her parents report that she has difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments and often seems to struggle with classroom interactions. Emma has a history of recurrent ear infections, and the physician suspects she may have hearing loss, particularly in the higher frequencies. She is unable to cooperate with behavioral pure-tone audiometry. The audiologist decides to use Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) testing to estimate Emma’s hearing thresholds. The following ASSR results are obtained for her right ear: 500 Hz: Response detected at 20 dB HL 1000 Hz: Response detected at 15 dB HL 2000 Hz: Response detected at 45 dB HL 4000 Hz: Response detected at 50 dB HL Question:Based on the ASSR results provided, which of the following is the most likely hearing profile for Emma?

P300 is an obligatory, attention dependent response, while MMN is an obligatory, pre-attentive response.

Why ASSR is a better predictor of behavioral thresholds at 2 and 4 kHz than at 0.5 and 1 kHz? (HINT: two reasons from ASSR CourseNote)

Describe how intensity encoding occurs in the peripheral auditory system. (Hint: there are two types of intensity coding). NOTE: Include details on how the system manages to encode a dynamic range of up to 120 dB, addressing the mechanisms involved in representing different sound intensities and maintaining sensitivity across this broad range.