What is a common degenerative disease that affects the knee joint? 

What is the primary structural difference between hemoglobin A and hemoglobin S? 

A 22-year-old female basketball player presents with knee pain and swelling after landing awkwardly from a jump. She reports hearing a “pop” at the time of injury. Physical examination reveals a positive Lachman test.  What is the most likely diagnosis? 

Which mechanism of injury is most likely to cause an ACL rupture? 

A 60-year-old male with advanced prostate cancer presents with fatigue, weight loss, and anemia. Laboratory tests reveal elevated inflammatory markers.  What is the most likely cause of these systemic symptoms? 

What is the role of the protein p53 in the cell cycle? 

Which substances are released to aid leukocyte chemotaxis by producing vasodilation and increased capillary permeability? 

A 45-year-old female with a family history of multiple cancers is found to have a germline mutation in the MLH1 gene, associated with Lynch syndrome.  What is the primary function of the MLH1 gene in normal cells? 

What triggers the sickling of red blood cells in sickle cell disease? 

A patient with an infection has elevated levels of cytokines in their blood. What is the role of these cytokines in acute inflammation?