During the Cold War, President Dwight D. Eisenhower adopted a shift in national security policy called . Eisenhower understood that the massive size of the communist armies in China and the Soviet Union meant that a conventional war against those powers would undermine the very way of life in America and would be costly in terms of the U.S. economy and traditions. He also understood that attempting to match those forces with a conventional military would lead to heavy military spending at the cost of domestic development. Therefore, he and his Secretary of State pursued this policy shift to place greater reliance on nuclear weapons as a deterrent and on covert options by spy services like the CIA and other counterinsurgency efforts. During his presidency the United States expanded its nuclear arsenal and used the CIA to topple foreign governments and to install pro-American regimes.

Part of “America’s Finest Hour,” provided $12 billion in aid to Europe and helped rebuild the continent (including Germany and Italy) following World War II. It was a brilliant piece of foreign policy, as it helped avoid the economic pitfall that developed in the aftermath of the previous world war while increasing American goodwill abroad. America’s foes during WWII (like Germany) quickly developed into American allies as a result of the program. Alarmed by the positive reception the United States was receiving in Europe, the Soviet Union attempted to undermine this policy with the Berlin Blockade.

Angel Island, El Paso, and Ellis Island are all examples of .

Part 2 Short Identification Questions (IDs):A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Each answer should be at least 4-5 sentences long. Be sure to discuss the significance. Write an answer for FIVE (5) of the following, even if you must guess somewhat (partial credit is better than none):The American Family on TelevisionThe Battle of BritainThe Battle of the Atlantic”A Chance for Peace”Executive Order 9066HUACThe Interstate Highway SystemThe Kitchen DebateMADWhite Flight

During the nineteenth century, Hawaii was ruled by an oligarchy of American-owned sugar companies known as . Christian missionaries worked alongside the business interest of these white American elites with their missionary work in Hawaii. This group ultimately led a revolution against Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 and appealed to President Benjamin Harrison for annexation. Hawaii was officially annexed by the United States in 1898.

Compiled by Ignatius Donnelly in 1892, effectively launched the Populist Party and laid out the party’s main tenets, such as the subtreasury plan, the direct election of U.S. senators, and an end to political corruption.

Gilded Age President Grover Cleveland did not believe in federal aid for the welfare of the American citizens. With his in 1886 he claimed that “though the people support the government; the government should not support the people.” He would further elaborate that “federal aid in such cases encourages the expectation of paternal care on the part of the government, and weakens the sturdiness of our national character, while it prevents the indulgence among our people of that kindly sentiment and conduct which strengthens the bonds of a common brotherhood.”

William Howard Taft lost much of his support from progressives and effectively split the Republican Party in half when he fired the popular chief of the forestry service: . The firing of the forestry chief angered many progressive Republicans (including Taft’s predecessor: Theodore Roosevelt). While Taft managed to receive the Republican nomination for president in 1912, Roosevelt ran against him as part of a third party (the Bull Moose Party), thus splitting the vote among Republicans and allowing Democratic challenger Woodrow Wilson to earn the presidency.

During the Gilded Age, patronage was a huge part of each presidential administration and each president was beset with thousands of office seekers, many of which would grow embittered if they were denied a lucrative office. This was the case for James Garfield. A few months into his presidency, on July 2, 1881, he was shot twice by a mentally disturbed man he had denied a federal office named . The wounds (one in the arm and the other in the back) initially did not appear to be very serious; however, Garfield’s doctors were unable to find the bullet in his back and their unsanitary probing efforts likely caused a series of infections that worsened Garfield’s health. 80 days after being shot, he died from an infection relating to the gunshot wounds.

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