19.  Suppose the nitrogenous base sequence below is a short mRNA molecule.  mRNA processing has already taken place.  Use the mRNA codon table provided to simulate translation (as performed by a ribosome) by determining the amino acid sequence specified by this mRNA strand.  Write the correct amino acid sequence in the space provided.  You may use amino acid abbreviations. 5ʹ  A G G C G C U U G A U G C G U G U U A C U A U U G G C U G A A A U A A A A U A A A  3ʹ  

15.  Suppose the nitrogenous base sequences below are from a segment of DNA.   5ʹ  A T A T A T A T || C G T G T G T A A C A C T G A T G C T G A C G T G T   3ʹ 3ʹ  T A T A T A T A || G C A C A C A T T G T G A C T A C G A C T G C A C A  5ʹ Simulate transcription by creating a mRNA sequence complementary to the lower of the DNA sequences.  Type the complementary mRNA in the space provided.  Do not transcribe the promoter.  

How many ATP would be produced during the citric acid cycle from two glucose molecules?

13.  Below are several representations of messenger RNA.  Rather than type out nitrogenous base sequences, I am representing sequences with the words Intron and Exon to indicate whether that particular segment of mRNA is an intron or an exon.  Untranslated regions of mRNA are not shown.  Which representation shows an mRNA molecule after processing (all steps of mRNA processing have taken place).

Match the following terms with their proper description

4.  Assume the letters below represent the nitrogenous base sequence of a short “parental” (original, template) DNA polynucleotide strand during DNA replication.  Type the complementary DNA strand in the space provided .  Show the 3ʹ and 5ʹ ends of your complementary strand. 5ʹ   T  G  T  C  A  T  G  T  A  A  A  T  A  G  C  T  A  C  G  T  A  A  3ʹ

A control group will not control for the internal validity threats due to:   .            

14.  Which two of the following are functions of the components added to the primary RNA transcript during mRNA processing?  Select two choices.

_________________________________ are connections between plant cells that allow for the passage of water and nutrients.

The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.