Answer the following: (i) What are the names of the two atrioventricular valves of the heart and what are their functions? (ii) Describe the events that occur in the heart during the early phase of ventricular systole (Isovolumic Contraction). (iii) What is EDV? (iv) During Isovolumic Contraction is blood volume in the ventricles greater, equal to, or less than EDV on average. Explain your answer.  

A 24 years old male patient is on isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for his tuberculosis (TB) treatment. One month after treatment initiation, he started complaining of difficulty reading the newspaper. The following drug is causing decline in his vision: (1)1.      Rifampicin2.       Isoniazid3.      Ethambutol4.       Rifabutin5.      Pyrazinamide

A 9 years old male patient is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The following treatment is appropriate for this patient: (1)1.   Metformin2.   Glipizide3.   Insulin4.   Pioglitazone5.   Repaglinide

Three EKCGs are indicated by the traces below. Match each with the most likely medical diagnosis (choose the single best diagnosis for each)

Propranolol is contraindicated in: (1)1.             Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 2.             Cardiac arrhythmias3.             Symptomatic management of anxiety states4.             Asthma5.             Angina pectoris

A 37 years old man presents with diarrhoea and gastrointestinal bleeding. Eggs of Schistosoma mansomi are found in the stool specimen. The most appropriate treatment for this patient is: (1)1.       Praziquantel2.       Fentanyl3.       Ivermectin4.       Paracetamol5.       Hydrochlorothiazide

The adverse effects of spironolactone include: (1)1.      Hypokalaemia2.      Excessive aldosterone secretion3.      Gynecomastia 4.      Peripheral oedema 5.      Hypernatraemia

The mechanism of action of atenolol involves: (1)1.            Inhibition of the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II 2.            Inhibition of catecholamine action at beta1-adrenoceptors 3.            Inhibition of angiotensin II action on the angiotensin1 receptor4.            Inhibition of catecholamine action at beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors 5.            Selective inhibition of the sinus node which decreases resting heart rate

A 48-year-old immigrant from Mexico presents with seizures and other neurologic symptoms. Eggs of Taenia solium are found in a stool specimen. A magnetic resonance image of the brain shows many cysts, some of which are calcified. The following drug would be of benefit to this individual: (1)1.    Ivermectin2.    Tranexamic acid3.    Albendazole4.    Diethylcarbamazine5.    Fluoxetine

The following medication is used to treat river blindness by targeting chloride channels and can cause a Mazzotti reaction: (1)1.      Ivermectin2.      Praziquantel3.      Metformin4.      Albendazole5.      Oseltamivir