T.B. is a 66 year old Hispanic male with Stage III hypertension and poor health literacy. T.B. adamantly does not want treatment of his hypertension.  You counsel him regarding the long term effects of hypertension, causes, and care (including medications and lifestyle modifications) but he continues to decline treatment. As to autoregulation of his BP, what is the effect of untreated and sustained hypertension?

P.I. is a 68-year-old Black woman who presents to the clinic with a painful leg wound for 2 months. P.I. is employed at the local grocery store as a cashier.  On exam, you note an ulcer above the medial malleolus on the right leg. The ulcer is about 8 cm wide x 10 cm long x 0.5 cm deep with irregular borders, erythematous base, and yellow exudate. P.I. rates the pain as a 2 on a scale of 10. Additional findings include 1+ pretibial edema and brown discoloration of her lower extremities. Distal pulses are present and negative Homan’s sign. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these ulcers?

A female patient with a history of scleroderma complains of her heart fluttering at times with associated anxiousness. Which valvular disorder is thought to have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, as well as being associated with connective tissue disease?

Check all that apply. A patent foramen ovale is of concern if:

Which of the following elevated level may be protective in the development of atherosclerosis?

Which of the following lead to hypertension? Key: RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system SNS: sympathetic nervous system PNS: parasympathetic nervous system

Pulmonary hypertension results from which alteration?

What are the three components of staging lung tumors? 

What is responsible for the majority of lung cancers due to repetitive carcinogenic “hits” on the bronchial mucosa?

List any three(3) form of evidence that can support the “Theory of Evolution”:  __________________________ __________________________ __________________________