A 45-year-old female patient presents with recurrent episodes of vertigo lasting less than one minute each. The episodes are triggered by specific head movements, such as rolling over in bed or looking up. The patient also reports associated nausea and nystagmus during the episodes. On examination, you observe horizontal nystagmus that is elicited by a Dix-Hallpike maneuver. Based on this clinical presentation, what is the most likely diagnosis?

Following the diagnosis of prostate cancer in a patient, wherein diagnostic testing indicates the presence of disease beyond the prostatic capsule without any signs of metastasis, if the patient expresses their reluctance to undergo treatment, what information will the provider convey to this patient?

Based on the symptoms described, including visual field defect, ataxia, dysarthria, and a mild headache that started several hours prior, and considering the normal range of motion of the neck during examination, what type of cerebrovascular event is the most probable?

For a patient who has a prior history of liver disease and is currently diagnosed with a bile duct obstruction, which medical procedure will be recommended for their treatment?

Which drug is used to treat patients with focal epilepsy and complex partial seizures?

A 50-year-old female patient is diagnosed with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) involving the right posterior canal. What is the most appropriate first-line treatment for this patient?

An elderly patient, who is currently on a thiazide diuretic, presents at the emergency department due to illness characterized by nausea and vomiting. Assessment of the patient reveals symptoms of oliguria, hypotension, tachycardia, and a serum sodium level of 118 mEq/L. What is the recommended treatment for this patient?

What information will the provider provide to a patient with osteoarthritis in the carpometacarpal joints of both thumbs who inquires about corticosteroid injections as a treatment option for their symptoms?

Which thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level indicates hyperthyroidism?

How will the primary care provider proceed in managing a patient who presents with persistent lower back pain, constipation, and the identification of a sacral mass during a digital rectal examination?