There are two options for the next question and you can choose which one you will answer. Your options are shown below. Read these questions, then take mental note of which one you prefer to answer: Option A: Suppose that a new disease has swept across Washington state. Those who are infected with this disease develop lesions on the skin. Many scientists suspect that the new disease is caused by a pathogen called Bobo Virus. Scientists have found that this virus is relatively easy to grow in the laboratory using cell culture. There is also a murine (mouse) model for studying the pathogenic effects of this virus. Through their work, scientists have found that Bobo Virus causes respiratory illness (instead of skin lesions) in 3% of the mice infected. (a) In correct order, list all of Koch’s postulates. (b) Based on the information provided above, do you see any problems with identifying Bobo Virus as the cause of the new Washington State disease? Why or why not? Option B: Describe one way that regulatory T-cells become activated by normal flora.  Include all the cells/molecules/receptors that are involved. Go into as much detail as you can to comprehensively describe this process.

Which of the following solids has a volume equal to the integral ∫-11∫01-x2 y dydx{“version”:”1.1″,”math”:”∫-11∫01-x2 y dydx”}

Which of the following solids has a volume equal to the integral ∫0π∫01r2cos θ drdθ{“version”:”1.1″,”math”:”∫0π∫01r2cos θ drdθ”}

There is one class of anti-cancer drug that is fairly effective at slowing tumor growth.  But, one of its side effects is that it kills cells that have CD4 molecules.  Suppose that a cancer patient has been treated with this anti-cancer drug for several months; and she is then given a tuberculosis skin test at the end of her treatment with this anti-cancer drug.  Let’s also suppose that this same cancer patient was exposed to and recovered from tuberculosis several years before she was diagnosed with cancer and started treatment with this anti-cancer drug. Note that she was exposed to (and recovered from) tuberculosis before she started using the anti-cancer drug. Given this sequence of events in the cancer patient’s health history, would you expect their tuberculosis skin test to give a positive result?  Why or why not? Fully explain the reasoning behind your answer. To receive full credit, you must (1) demonstrate that you know all of the details of how the tuberculosis skin test (i.e. Type IV hypersensitivity) works that were discussed in lecture, and (2) you can relate that to the scenario described above.

Which answer choice best explains how regulatory T-cells decrease the immune response?

Which of the following most accurately describes the Old Friends Hypothesis?

Suppose that a virus mutates so that it causes the production of a type of thymidine kinase molecule that is more effective at adding phosphate groups to molecules.  Compared to the “normal” virus with a “normal” thymidine kinase molecule, this mutated virus would be…

Consider the experiment discussed in one of our online lectures showing the function of regulatory T-cells in mice. This experiment was an example of a… (Note that I am not asking about Koch’s experiments with mice; this was a different experiment involving the function of regulatory T-cells in mice.)

Is the following statement true or false? It is possible for a woman’s first child/fetus to be harmed by hemolytic disease (Type II Hypersensitivity).

The person credited with discovering penicillin is…