8.     Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote a series of essays, beginning in 1787, arguing for a strong federal government and support of the U.S. Constitution called The Ratification Papers.  _______

Conflict in an organization can be functional.

Negotiation is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about.

People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

Joann Hayes is currently working on a project to tackle climate change. During the project, she needs to find different options to replace the use of non-renewable energy and check the feasibility of different renewable energy options before choosing the most practical one. Which of the following skills does Hayes primarily need to use for these tasks?

Nora Elm is a newly-appointed HR manager at Seven Oaks, a famous PR firm that is not doing too well at present. As she assumed the post of the HR manager, everyone impressed upon her the need to energize the employees and motivate them to give their best to the job. After she met with the employees and managers, she felt that many employees were demotivated because they had attained their maximum potential in their current job roles. Additionally, she felt that though the management believed strongly in its employee-friendly nature, this nature was not manifested in its actions. Those employees who were on the board had begun to mimic the management’s action of attributing the lack of any constructive change to company policies. Describe any two changes that Nora should propose at the meeting with a rationale for each.

7.     Anti-Federalists supported ratification of the U.S. Constitution, while the Federalists opposed it.  _______

People are usually not aware of the factors that influence their view of reality.

How are the management functions of planning, organizing, and leading different from one another? Explain.

An organization is a consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people.