A 58-year-old with severe aortic stenosis develops exertional syncope. Which mechanism most directly contributes to syncope during activity?  

A 19-year-old with fever, posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, exudative pharyngitis, and atypical lymphocytes likely has EBV mononucleosis. The atypical lymphocytes are primarily:

A patient has organized electrical activity on the monitor but no palpable pulse after a massive pulmonary embolism. What does the ECG most directly represent?

A 68-year-old with long-standing hypertension presents with abrupt, severe chest pain radiating to the back described as “tearing.” BP is 210/110. Which pathophysiologic event most likely explains the presentation?  

A 29-year-old runner is noted to have intermittent sinus pauses on telemetry during sleep but otherwise normal cardiac structure. Which statement best explains why sinus node disorders can strongly affect the overall rhythm of the heart?

A patient’s BP is 160/98 on repeated visits. Which statement best links hypertension to atherosclerotic disease?

A patient has leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia after chemical exposure. Which disorder best fits pluripotent stem-cell failure?  

A 55-year-old woman with metastatic cancer presents with dyspnea and hypotension. Echo shows a large pericardial effusion. Which immediate hemodynamic consequence explains her hypotension?

A 70-year-old patient with sepsis develops diffuse oozing from IV sites and new renal dysfunction. Labs show thrombocytopenia, prolonged PT and aPTT, low fibrinogen, and markedly elevated D-dimer. Which pathophysiologic process is occurring?    

A 34-year-old with lymphoma has fevers, drenching night sweats, and unintentional weight loss. These systemic findings are best explained by: