The United States added tremendous amounts of new land in 18…

The United States added tremendous amounts of new land in 1803, with the Louisiana Purchase, and again in the 1840s, with the acquisition of Texas and the far west.  In 1845, newspaperman John O’Sullivan wrote that he believed it was God’s plan for the United States to cover all of North America.

This is a law from Mississippi in 1866.   Section 2. Be it f…

This is a law from Mississippi in 1866.   Section 2. Be it further enacted, that all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes in this state over the age of eighteen years found  . . . with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together either in the day or nighttime, and all white persons so assembling with freedmen . . .  or living in adultery or fornication with a freedwoman, free Negro, or mulatto, shall be deemed vagrants; and, on conviction thereof, shall be fined in the sum of not exceeding, in the case of a freedman, free Negro, or mulatto, 150, and a white man, $200, . . . the free Negro not exceeding ten days, and the white man not exceeding six months. This law is an example of a