Which of the following criteria must be met for a researcher to demonstrate evidence of a causal relationship?

To identify problems with a survey before it is sent to the sample of respondents, researchers use ______.

The following question refers to a hypothetical questionnaire handed out to elderly residents. The questionnaire was designed to assess the elderly’s perceptions of and experiences with neighborhood crime. Below is a question that appeared in the survey. How unsafe do you feel when you are not in your neighborhood?A great dealSomeNot too muchNone   Which guideline identifies the main problem in the preceding question?

In order to reduce idiosyncratic variation, researchers should use:

How do randomization and random sampling differ?

Which of the following is a requirement for the pretest in an experiment?

Random assignment eliminates systematic bias.

Which of the following experiments is used when random assignment to a control or experimental group is not possible, impractical, or unethical?

Dr. Lee is hired as a consultant to design a survey to measure attitudes toward the death penalty. She must identify in the fastest possible time support for the death penalty that can be generalized to the general population. Which survey method should she use?

Multiple pretest and posttest measures are valuable in before-and-after designs because they decrease the possibility of internal invalidity due to: