In а clаssrооm with five tаbles оf students, Abigail, Michaela, and Amanda at Table #4 are doing great on their test because they study every day with Carolynn, Karen, and Hailey. The teacher, Ms. Renee, wants to motivate the students at Table #5, so she tells the entire class, "If all the students at Table #5—get an A on this test, the whole class will earn a pizza party." This is an example of a: