In which of the following patients would Sellick’s maneuver…

Questions

In which оf the fоllоwing pаtients would Sellick's mаneuver (cricoid pressure) be necessаry?

READING TEST Reаd the texts belоw аnd аnswer questiоns 1-16. This test will be graded separately and is wоrth 20 marks in total. You should spend 40 minutes completing this task. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Teacher Job Satisfaction Hits 25-Year Low Emily Richmond A new survey suggests that teacher job satisfaction has hit its lowest point in a quarter of a century, and 75 percent of principals believe their jobs have become too complex. The findings are part of the MetLife Survey of the American Teacher: Challenges for School Leadership. Conducted annually since 1984, the survey polled representative sampling of 1,000 teachers and 500 principals in K-12 schools across the country. Only 39 percent of teachers described themselves as very satisfied with their jobs on the latest survey. That's a 23-percentage point fall since 2008, and a drop of five percentage points just over the past year. Factors contributing to lower job satisfaction included working in schools where the budgets, opportunities for professional development, and time for collaboration with colleagues have all been reduced. Stress levels are also up, with half of all teachers describing themselves as under great stress several days per week, compared with a third of teachers in 1985. 2. Teaching is a tremendously exciting and rewarding job. How does your current job compare? How exciting is your job? Research into the differences between working with young people and working with adult colleagues has revealed that teachers view their jobs as unusually exciting, enjoyable and satisfying. Research has shown that "... teachers gain both short-term and long-term satisfaction from developing pupils; they find the work fulfilling, exciting and extremely varied. The ‘buzz’ around the school and interactions with both pupils and colleagues add to the sense of enjoyment." 3. Which jobs make you happy? A UK Cabinet Office survey in 2014 has assessed the relationship between jobs and levels of life satisfaction. A moderate link was found between earnings and wellbeing. Some well-paid jobs had low levels of wellbeing and vice versa. For example, despite a typical salary of £39,000, quantity surveyors were the 41st most unhappy occupation out of 274 categories. Farmers earn only £24,500 on average, but had the 8th highest life satisfaction. JOB TITLE AND WELLBEING RANK: top 9 happiest jobs MEAN INCOME (£) (1) Clergy 20,568 (2) Chief executives and senior officials 117,700 (3) Managers and proprietors in agriculture and horticulture 31,721 (4) Company secretaries 18,176 (5) Quality assurance and regulatory professionals 42,898 (6) Health care practice managers 31,267 (7) Medical practitioners 70,648 (8) Farmers 24,520 (9) Hotel and accommodation managers and proprietors 32,470 4. Meaningful Work — Not Money — Makes People Happy The Easterlin Paradox The economist Richard Easterlin found a paradox: high incomes do correlate with happiness, but long term, increased income doesn’t correlate with increased happiness. Researchers examined 37 countries over the long term (measurements were made over 22 years) and found that happiness ratings within a country didn't increase with income. In China, S. Korea, and Chile, per capita income doubled in less than two decades yet all these countries showed slight declines in happiness. Easterlin said "We may need to focus policy on urgent personal concerns such as health and family life, rather than on the mere escalation of material goods." Money is surprisingly not particularly important once you have enough to meet all your basic requirements. Extra money doesn't make you much happier. A pay rise does make you happy but only for a short while as you quickly become adapted to it. This is because we rapidly get used to what we have In the UK, life satisfaction has decreased since the 1970’s despite a 60% rise in Gross Domestic Product in that time, again showing that buying and owning consumer goods makes no difference to well being. A new job, house or car gives a short term boost, but quickly get accustomed to it. Having your finances under control (e.g. not being in debt) is more important than a large wage, although earning less than most of the people you know also affects your happiness (keeping up with the Joneses). There is a higher occurrence of depression in those who think happiness comes via money, fame, and beauty. People are more motivated by the fear of losing something than the hope of gaining something. 5. Job Satisfaction vs. a Big Paycheck …people should pursue what they’re interested in, said Daniel H. Pink, author of “Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us.” Looking at lists of careers with the highest salaries tends to be a fool’s game, he said. “It’s very hard to game the system, in the sense that situations and conditions change so quickly that a field that is hot today might be only lukewarm in 5 or 10 years,” he said. “It might even be non-existent.” Let’s say you see that accountants are getting decent salaries directly out of college, he said, but you don’t really like accounting. “Chances are you’re not going to be very good at accounting,” and your salary will reflect that, he said. “Generally, people flourish when they’re doing something they like and what they’re good at.” For his part, Mr. Lore said he was concerned that current economic woes might force people into poor career choices. “I would prefer that the economy was doing better and people were more adventurous because it often has an enormous effect on the quality of their life,” he said. Many people equate success with a high income, but, “How can someone say they’re successful if they’re not happy doing their work? To me, that’s not success.” 6. Small Business = Big Impact Rebecca Bagley We often hear that small businesses are the engines of job creation in the United States. Their value and the role they play in our economy is sometimes underestimated because, they are in fact, small. It is easy to assume that large scale corporations or MNC's contribute the most to a countries economy, but the truth is there’s nothing small about the impact they have on our economy. Goldman Sachs’ $500 million program is aimed at reaching 10,000 small businesses nationwide. A $15 million investment in the City of Cleveland will help companies gain access to business classes at community colleges, like Cuyahoga Community College, as well as other opportunities for grants or loans. Cleveland-based partners in the program include the Council of Smaller Enterprises, JumpStart, Inc., the Northeast Ohio Hispanic Chamber of Commerce and Urban League of Greater Cleveland. “Community colleges are well positioned to be a key partner in 10,000 Small Businesses initiative because of the community-based and applied approach we use to engage with small businesses,” said Dr. Jerry Sue Thornton, president of Cuyahoga County Community College. She continued, “We are seen as the ‘community’s college’, which enables us to not only create local collaborations but engage in those activities that add to economic development through business expansion and job growth.” “The City of Cleveland was poised to take advantage of the Goldman Sachs program because we have a strong public-private partnership network,” said Cleveland Mayor Frank Jackson. He continued, “Our partnership with Tri-C and Goldman Sachs 10,000 Small Businesses program will better position Cleveland area businesses to create economic growth and put more people back to work.” It is reasonable to assume that any economic growth will have a lasting effect on society as a whole. With more people earning money, the quality of life improves. In some of the other cities where the program is in place, there are distinct success stories. Take for example, VSolvit LLC, a California-based provider of information technology and engineering services. VSolvit’s owner and founder Payal Kamdar, joined the program to develop and recruit the next layer of management, build on strong existing and future customers, form strategic partnerships with software vendors, and dive into a broader market area. Payal said, “Participation in 10,000 Small Businesses is like an executive MBA on rocket fuel and gave me the ability to ensure the dreams I have for VSolvit are backed with a solid plan for execution.” 7. Managing our impact on society Stephen D. Simpson The Bottom LineGovernments rightly fret about the consequences of inflation, but unemployment is likewise a serious issue. Apart from the social unrest and disgruntlement that unemployment can produce in the electorate, high unemployment can have a self-perpetuating negative impact on businesses and the economic health of the country.Worse still, some of the worst effects of unemployment are both subtle and very long-lasting - consumer and business confidence are key to economic recoveries and workers must feel confident in their future to invest in developing the skills (and building the savings) that the economy needs to grow in the future. The costs of unemployment go far beyond the accumulated sums handed out as unemployment insurance benefits. (Preparation can help you land on your feet after getting the "old heave-ho."

WRITING TEST Yоu hаve а chоice frоm three essаy questions. Please choose ONE of the essay questions below and write approximately 250 words in an essay format. Are we too dependent on computers? Discuss. OR Population growth is the biggest problem in the world today, not disease or climate change. Discuss. OR Most museums charge for admission while others are free to enter. Do you think the advantages of charging people for admission to museums outweigh the disadvantages? When you have chosen a question to answer: Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience Write at least 250 words Your writing should be in a formal and academic style Your writing will be graded separately using marking criteria. You should spend 40 minutes completing this task.