Reading Comprehension: Read the article below and answer the…

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Reаding Cоmprehensiоn: Reаd the аrticle belоw and answer the questions that follow. Tropical Rainforests  Introduction       Tropical rainforests are found in areas near the equator in many parts of the world, particularly in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The largest rainforest is in the Amazon Basin in South America. These areas are warm and wet, with heavy rainfall all year round.       Rainforests perform a vital service for the earth. They absorb vast quantities of carbon and release oxygen, which helps to keep the atmosphere of the earth in balance. They also help regulate rainfall, preventing drought. Finally, the rainforests are home to an amazing diversity of animals and plants. Biodiversity       Although tropical rainforests cover only about two percent of the world’s landmass, more than half of the world’s plant and animal species live there, and thousands—maybe millions—more are undiscovered. Four square miles of rainforest might contain as many as 1,500 flowering plants, 750 species of trees, 400 species of birds, and 150 species of butterflies. A single bush may have more species of ants than in the entire British Isles.       Because the plants grow close together and are constantly threatened by predators, they have adapted by making chemicals that fight disease. As many as a quarter of the world’s medicines are made from plants that grow in the rainforest, and approximately 70 percent of anticancer drugs come from rainforest plants. Five Layers of Growth       A tropical rainforest contains five distinct layers. Each layer is its own ecosystem and has its own particular plants and animals.       The emergent layer is the highest part of the rainforest. It consists of the tallest trees, which grow tall above the forest and manage to withstand the heat of the sun and the wind.       The next layer is the rainforest canopy, so called because the foliage of the trees, which grow close together, forms a sort of canopy, or umbrella, over the area below, keeping it at the same temperature and humidity. The canopy supports the greatest diversity of plants and animals. Some of the plants at this layer are not rooted in the ground but grow on the trees. Others are vines that climb up the trees.       The canopy reduces the amount of light reaching the plants below, so the layers of growth below the canopy consist of smaller trees that reach about 75 feet in height, with wider gaps between them. This is called the understory layer.       At ground level is the shrub layer, consisting of a tangle of shrubs and plants that grow to about 5-20 feet.  Many of these plants have large leaves to help them make the most of the light that is available.       The final layer is the forest floor. Little light can penetrate there. Because of the humidity, plants rot quickly, and giant fungi grow on the fallen trunks of trees. Amazing Animals       Spider monkeys inhabit the emergent layer of the tropical rainforests of central and South America. They spend much of their time in the treetops, swinging from branch to branch, and grabbing branches and tree limbs with their strong fingers, toes, and tails. They screech loudly as they work their way among the treetops in search of food.       Another well-known animal of the South American rainforest is the colorful toucan. Toucans live in tree holes in the rainforest canopy and use their large yellow bills to catch food. Like the spider monkeys, toucans are noisy inhabitants of the rainforest, where they can live up to twenty years. They eat fruit, lizards, young birds, and insects.       At lower levels of the rainforest you will find red-eyed tree frogs. Well-known for their neon green bodies, bright yellow legs and red eyes, these amphibians live in the rainforest canopy, where they catch crickets, flies, and moths. Scientists believe that the frogs’ vibrant colors help to protect them. The flash of color startles predators and gives the tree frog time to leap to safety. An Endangered Ecosystem       Our tropical rainforests are being destroyed by deforestation and logging, and huge areas of rainforest are still being lost. If the rainforests disappear, many of the animals and plants that are at home there could be lost forever. The effect on the world’s climate could be irreversible. It is desperately important to act now to preserve the rainforests that still remain along with the millions of species that live there.

Reаding Cоmprehensiоn: Reаd the аrticle belоw and answer the questions that follow. Tropical Rainforests  Introduction       Tropical rainforests are found in areas near the equator in many parts of the world, particularly in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The largest rainforest is in the Amazon Basin in South America. These areas are warm and wet, with heavy rainfall all year round.       Rainforests perform a vital service for the earth. They absorb vast quantities of carbon and release oxygen, which helps to keep the atmosphere of the earth in balance. They also help regulate rainfall, preventing drought. Finally, the rainforests are home to an amazing diversity of animals and plants. Biodiversity       Although tropical rainforests cover only about two percent of the world’s landmass, more than half of the world’s plant and animal species live there, and thousands—maybe millions—more are undiscovered. Four square miles of rainforest might contain as many as 1,500 flowering plants, 750 species of trees, 400 species of birds, and 150 species of butterflies. A single bush may have more species of ants than in the entire British Isles.       Because the plants grow close together and are constantly threatened by predators, they have adapted by making chemicals that fight disease. As many as a quarter of the world’s medicines are made from plants that grow in the rainforest, and approximately 70 percent of anticancer drugs come from rainforest plants. Five Layers of Growth       A tropical rainforest contains five distinct layers. Each layer is its own ecosystem and has its own particular plants and animals.       The emergent layer is the highest part of the rainforest. It consists of the tallest trees, which grow tall above the forest and manage to withstand the heat of the sun and the wind.       The next layer is the rainforest canopy, so called because the foliage of the trees, which grow close together, forms a sort of canopy, or umbrella, over the area below, keeping it at the same temperature and humidity. The canopy supports the greatest diversity of plants and animals. Some of the plants at this layer are not rooted in the ground but grow on the trees. Others are vines that climb up the trees.       The canopy reduces the amount of light reaching the plants below, so the layers of growth below the canopy consist of smaller trees that reach about 75 feet in height, with wider gaps between them. This is called the understory layer.       At ground level is the shrub layer, consisting of a tangle of shrubs and plants that grow to about 5-20 feet.  Many of these plants have large leaves to help them make the most of the light that is available.       The final layer is the forest floor. Little light can penetrate there. Because of the humidity, plants rot quickly, and giant fungi grow on the fallen trunks of trees. Amazing Animals       Spider monkeys inhabit the emergent layer of the tropical rainforests of central and South America. They spend much of their time in the treetops, swinging from branch to branch, and grabbing branches and tree limbs with their strong fingers, toes, and tails. They screech loudly as they work their way among the treetops in search of food.       Another well-known animal of the South American rainforest is the colorful toucan. Toucans live in tree holes in the rainforest canopy and use their large yellow bills to catch food. Like the spider monkeys, toucans are noisy inhabitants of the rainforest, where they can live up to twenty years. They eat fruit, lizards, young birds, and insects.       At lower levels of the rainforest you will find red-eyed tree frogs. Well-known for their neon green bodies, bright yellow legs and red eyes, these amphibians live in the rainforest canopy, where they catch crickets, flies, and moths. Scientists believe that the frogs’ vibrant colors help to protect them. The flash of color startles predators and gives the tree frog time to leap to safety. An Endangered Ecosystem       Our tropical rainforests are being destroyed by deforestation and logging, and huge areas of rainforest are still being lost. If the rainforests disappear, many of the animals and plants that are at home there could be lost forever. The effect on the world’s climate could be irreversible. It is desperately important to act now to preserve the rainforests that still remain along with the millions of species that live there.

Reаding Cоmprehensiоn: Reаd the аrticle belоw and answer the questions that follow. Tropical Rainforests  Introduction       Tropical rainforests are found in areas near the equator in many parts of the world, particularly in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The largest rainforest is in the Amazon Basin in South America. These areas are warm and wet, with heavy rainfall all year round.       Rainforests perform a vital service for the earth. They absorb vast quantities of carbon and release oxygen, which helps to keep the atmosphere of the earth in balance. They also help regulate rainfall, preventing drought. Finally, the rainforests are home to an amazing diversity of animals and plants. Biodiversity       Although tropical rainforests cover only about two percent of the world’s landmass, more than half of the world’s plant and animal species live there, and thousands—maybe millions—more are undiscovered. Four square miles of rainforest might contain as many as 1,500 flowering plants, 750 species of trees, 400 species of birds, and 150 species of butterflies. A single bush may have more species of ants than in the entire British Isles.       Because the plants grow close together and are constantly threatened by predators, they have adapted by making chemicals that fight disease. As many as a quarter of the world’s medicines are made from plants that grow in the rainforest, and approximately 70 percent of anticancer drugs come from rainforest plants. Five Layers of Growth       A tropical rainforest contains five distinct layers. Each layer is its own ecosystem and has its own particular plants and animals.       The emergent layer is the highest part of the rainforest. It consists of the tallest trees, which grow tall above the forest and manage to withstand the heat of the sun and the wind.       The next layer is the rainforest canopy, so called because the foliage of the trees, which grow close together, forms a sort of canopy, or umbrella, over the area below, keeping it at the same temperature and humidity. The canopy supports the greatest diversity of plants and animals. Some of the plants at this layer are not rooted in the ground but grow on the trees. Others are vines that climb up the trees.       The canopy reduces the amount of light reaching the plants below, so the layers of growth below the canopy consist of smaller trees that reach about 75 feet in height, with wider gaps between them. This is called the understory layer.       At ground level is the shrub layer, consisting of a tangle of shrubs and plants that grow to about 5-20 feet.  Many of these plants have large leaves to help them make the most of the light that is available.       The final layer is the forest floor. Little light can penetrate there. Because of the humidity, plants rot quickly, and giant fungi grow on the fallen trunks of trees. Amazing Animals       Spider monkeys inhabit the emergent layer of the tropical rainforests of central and South America. They spend much of their time in the treetops, swinging from branch to branch, and grabbing branches and tree limbs with their strong fingers, toes, and tails. They screech loudly as they work their way among the treetops in search of food.       Another well-known animal of the South American rainforest is the colorful toucan. Toucans live in tree holes in the rainforest canopy and use their large yellow bills to catch food. Like the spider monkeys, toucans are noisy inhabitants of the rainforest, where they can live up to twenty years. They eat fruit, lizards, young birds, and insects.       At lower levels of the rainforest you will find red-eyed tree frogs. Well-known for their neon green bodies, bright yellow legs and red eyes, these amphibians live in the rainforest canopy, where they catch crickets, flies, and moths. Scientists believe that the frogs’ vibrant colors help to protect them. The flash of color startles predators and gives the tree frog time to leap to safety. An Endangered Ecosystem       Our tropical rainforests are being destroyed by deforestation and logging, and huge areas of rainforest are still being lost. If the rainforests disappear, many of the animals and plants that are at home there could be lost forever. The effect on the world’s climate could be irreversible. It is desperately important to act now to preserve the rainforests that still remain along with the millions of species that live there.

Reаding Cоmprehensiоn: Reаd the аrticle belоw and answer the questions that follow. Tropical Rainforests  Introduction       Tropical rainforests are found in areas near the equator in many parts of the world, particularly in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The largest rainforest is in the Amazon Basin in South America. These areas are warm and wet, with heavy rainfall all year round.       Rainforests perform a vital service for the earth. They absorb vast quantities of carbon and release oxygen, which helps to keep the atmosphere of the earth in balance. They also help regulate rainfall, preventing drought. Finally, the rainforests are home to an amazing diversity of animals and plants. Biodiversity       Although tropical rainforests cover only about two percent of the world’s landmass, more than half of the world’s plant and animal species live there, and thousands—maybe millions—more are undiscovered. Four square miles of rainforest might contain as many as 1,500 flowering plants, 750 species of trees, 400 species of birds, and 150 species of butterflies. A single bush may have more species of ants than in the entire British Isles.       Because the plants grow close together and are constantly threatened by predators, they have adapted by making chemicals that fight disease. As many as a quarter of the world’s medicines are made from plants that grow in the rainforest, and approximately 70 percent of anticancer drugs come from rainforest plants. Five Layers of Growth       A tropical rainforest contains five distinct layers. Each layer is its own ecosystem and has its own particular plants and animals.       The emergent layer is the highest part of the rainforest. It consists of the tallest trees, which grow tall above the forest and manage to withstand the heat of the sun and the wind.       The next layer is the rainforest canopy, so called because the foliage of the trees, which grow close together, forms a sort of canopy, or umbrella, over the area below, keeping it at the same temperature and humidity. The canopy supports the greatest diversity of plants and animals. Some of the plants at this layer are not rooted in the ground but grow on the trees. Others are vines that climb up the trees.       The canopy reduces the amount of light reaching the plants below, so the layers of growth below the canopy consist of smaller trees that reach about 75 feet in height, with wider gaps between them. This is called the understory layer.       At ground level is the shrub layer, consisting of a tangle of shrubs and plants that grow to about 5-20 feet.  Many of these plants have large leaves to help them make the most of the light that is available.       The final layer is the forest floor. Little light can penetrate there. Because of the humidity, plants rot quickly, and giant fungi grow on the fallen trunks of trees. Amazing Animals       Spider monkeys inhabit the emergent layer of the tropical rainforests of central and South America. They spend much of their time in the treetops, swinging from branch to branch, and grabbing branches and tree limbs with their strong fingers, toes, and tails. They screech loudly as they work their way among the treetops in search of food.       Another well-known animal of the South American rainforest is the colorful toucan. Toucans live in tree holes in the rainforest canopy and use their large yellow bills to catch food. Like the spider monkeys, toucans are noisy inhabitants of the rainforest, where they can live up to twenty years. They eat fruit, lizards, young birds, and insects.       At lower levels of the rainforest you will find red-eyed tree frogs. Well-known for their neon green bodies, bright yellow legs and red eyes, these amphibians live in the rainforest canopy, where they catch crickets, flies, and moths. Scientists believe that the frogs’ vibrant colors help to protect them. The flash of color startles predators and gives the tree frog time to leap to safety. An Endangered Ecosystem       Our tropical rainforests are being destroyed by deforestation and logging, and huge areas of rainforest are still being lost. If the rainforests disappear, many of the animals and plants that are at home there could be lost forever. The effect on the world’s climate could be irreversible. It is desperately important to act now to preserve the rainforests that still remain along with the millions of species that live there.

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Imаgine а mаle dragоnfly is flying arоund in an aggressive pattern tо find an appropriate mate in a wetland with many species of dragonflies and damselflies. Finally, he spots a female dragonfly that appears to be of the same species, based on her flight behavior and color, and the two mate. The sperm of the male, however, are unable to fertilize the eggs of the female when she lays them because her egg cell membrane proteins and carbohydrates do not recognize and bind to the male's sperm. This is an example of