Suppose that the true risk difference for the association be…
Suppose that the true risk difference for the association between childhood adverse events and substance abuse is 0.04 (i.e., individuals who experienced childhood adverse events have a 0.04 higher risk of abusing substances compared to individuals who did not experience childhood adverse events). Suppose that a researcher conducted a prospective cohort study and estimated a risk difference of 0.08 for the association between childhood adverse events and substance abuse (i.e., individuals who experienced childhood adverse events have a 0.08 higher risk of abusing substances compared to individuals who did not experience childhood adverse events). What type of bias is this?