An 80-year-old patient has a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).  What factors contribute to reduced eGFR in older adults? 

Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland? 

A premature infant is born at 30 weeks gestational age.  How does prematurity affect nephron development and future kidney health? 

A patient with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is experiencing increased intestinal permeability. Which component of the GI tract’s regulation is likely compromised?

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety, leading to respiratory alkalosis. What is the primary renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis? 

A clinician is assessing kidney function in an elderly patient using serum creatinine levels.  What challenge is associated with estimating GFR in older adults? 

A patient with kidney disease has low levels of active vitamin D. What role do the kidneys play in vitamin D metabolism? 

A patient with liver cirrhosis is found to have dilated veins in the esophagus. What is the most likely diagnosis? 

How do hormones regulate kidney function to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance? 

What impact would impaired proximal tubule function have on kidney processing?