Q20. Which of the following is a correct example of externalities?  

Q14. Nebraska Instruments (NI) is considering a project that has an up-front after tax cost at t = 0 of $1,000,000. The project’s subsequent cash flows critically depend on whether its products become the industry standard. There is a 80 percent chance that the products will become the industry standard, in which case the project’s expected after- tax cash flows will be $900,000 at the end of each of the next two years (t = 1,2). There is a 20 percent chance that the products will not become the industry standard, in which case the after-tax expected cash flows from the project will be $200,000 at the end of each of the next two years (t = 1,2). NI does not have delay option, but after two years it can expand the project one more time if it wishes to do. After two years, the expanded project’s up-front cost at t = 2 will remain at $1,000,000 (certain cash flow). If it chooses to expand the project, the estimated subsequent after-tax cash flows will remain $900,000 at the end of the next two years (t=3, 4) if the product becomes the industry standard, and $200,000 at the end of the next two years (t=3, 4) if the product does not become the industry standard. Assume that all risky cash flows are discounted at 10 percent and risk-free rate is 6 percent. What is the expected NPV of the project with considering growth (expansion) option? (Pick the closest answer.)

6. Something that is harmful for the kidney is described as ____.

8. Painful or difficult urination is ____.

4. The tube between the kidney and the bladder is the ____.

Distributed File Systems xFS caches index nodes at managers but explicitly does not cache them at clients. a) If index nodes were cached at clients, what performance benefit would clients gain? Be specific about which network messages would be eliminated.

Active Networks Consider three active nodes A → B → C in sequence. Capsule originates at A and passes through B before reaching C. Node B currently has the code for this TYPE in its soft store, but node C has not seen this TYPE before. A new capsule of this TYPE now arrives at C. a) Walk through exactly what happens at C, step by step, until the capsule is either processed or dropped.

Spring OS The context for this question is the same as the previous question. You are a software engineer on a team that maintains an important application that runs on Spring OS. Currently, Client Domain A, Client Domain B, Server Domain Y and Server Domain Z all run on a single node. Assume Server Z exports Object Z and Server Y exports Object Y. Recently, the entire application has been running slow. To improve system performance and scalability, your manager has proposed partitioning the domains across two nodes connected by a LAN. Proposed Split: Node 1: Client Domain A, Server Domain Z Node 2: Client Domain B, Server Domain Y b) Object Y supports both read and write operations. Client A must have read/write access to Y, while Client B must have read only access to Y. Using succinct bullets, state how the Spring mechanisms (capabilities, access control, doors) allow achieving the desired objectives.

Lamport’s Logical Clock The context for this question is the same as the previous question. In the questions below, DB-A, DB-B, and DB-C represent a replicated database. For all questions in this section, explain your reasoning in one or two sentences. Correct justification is required to receive full credit. c) Assume the replicated database stores a single key x. Write W1 updates x = 1 Write W2 updates x = 2 A read is called globally consistent if, at the time it is served, all replicas would return the same value of x. Now suppose we add a new event Rc, on DB-C, where Rc is a client read of x, and it occurs after c3 but before c4. Will the read at Rc be globally consistent? State yes or no and explain your reasoning in one or two sentences.

Distributed Shared Memory Consider the following sequence of actions in a TreadMarks DSM system. Assume pristine copies of pages X and Y are at their owner node O throughout. Assume X and Y are initially not present on any other node. T1: Processor P1:acq(L1)write Xrel(L1)T2: Processor P2:acq(L1)write Yrel(L1)T3: Processor P3:acq(L2)write Xrel(L2)T4: Processor P4:acq(L1)read Xwrite Yrel(L1) a) What actions occur when P4 acquires lock L1?