What is the primary cause of ischemic stroke? Thrombosis Wh…
What is the primary cause of ischemic stroke? Thrombosis Which spinal cord injury level is most likely to result in quadriplegia? C1-C4 A nurse calls the PNP with new assessment findings, stating the patient who sustained a cervical spinal cord injury 2 days ago suddenly develops severe headache and blurred vision. What should be the next step in the patient’s care? Take the patient’s blood pressure and pulse. The FNP, working in the college health center, is seeing a 19-year-old patient complaining of fever, chills, and headache. The patient’s roommate brought the patient to the clinic stating, “I’m worried about them, they were acting really weird and confused this morning.” The patient looks acutely ill and has nuchal rigidity. The NP calls the local hospital knowing the facility needs to prioritize which of the following testing based on the patient’s symptoms? Lumbar puncture with cerebral spinal fluid analysis The NP is visiting her elderly father who complains of pain (3/10 in severity) and tingling located in the buttocks and the thighs. The pain is exacerbated with walking and standing for a long time, while it improves if he leans over and uses a supermarket cart. The NP believes her father may be experiencing symptoms of spinal stenosis, which is due to narrowing of the intraspinal canal. During a COVID booster clinic, one of the questions the student nurse asks relates to whether the patient has had Guillain-Barré syndrome in his medical history. The patient asks, “What is that?” How should the nursing student reply? “A type of paralysis that affects movement on both sides of the body that may even involve the respiratory muscles” The PNP knows the measurement of the head circumference can be a differentiating factor in diagnosing craniosynostosis as opposed to hydrocephalus. The neonate has a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst containing meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord through a deficit in the spinal column. This condition is described as a(n) Myelomeningocele. Dementia due to Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain. A patient suffered a seizure for the first time. The spouse asks the healthcare professional to explain what a seizure is. What response by the NP is best? A sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of brain cells The PNP is performing a well-child exam on a 2-year-old and observes delayed motor function, abnormal reflexes, and increased muscle tone on assessment. Other social, speech, and cognitive assessment is unremarkable. The nurse would suspect cerebral palsy. The NP is seeing a patient who has a headache and states, “I am so worried I have a brain tumor.” Which of the following is true regarding brain tumors? Metastatic brain tumors are more common than primary brain tumors. The NP assesses a 65-year-old male patient with resting tremor, muscular rigidity, slowness of movement and freezing of extremities, difficulty maintaining balance, and mild dysphagia. The NP suspects the pathophysiology causing these symptoms is: degeneration of basal ganglia The NP is evaluating a high school athlete who collided with another player on the field, resulting in a forceful impact to the head/skull. The player fell to the ground, and there was possibly a short period of loss of consciousness… GCS (Glascow Coma Score) was completely normal (15). The NP would recommend which of the following? Physical and cognitive rest from sports and school Which of the following is the most likely course of Wernicke encephalopathy? If the symptoms are correctly diagnosed, the effects of the disease can be improved through better nutrition and supplemental thiamine. A 22-year-old female college student is shocked to receive a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. What are the etiology and most likely treatment for her health problem? A decline in functioning acetylcholine receptors; treatment with corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins The NE teaches in a parenting class that benign febrile seizures are characterized by what? Concurrent respiratory or ear infections A 31-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of intermittent numbness and tingling in both legs for the past several weeks. The patient is an attorney and has been under stress while working on a “career defining case.” Past medical history is significant for an episode of urinary incontinence 5 months ago, as well as a transient episode of unilateral blurry vision last year. Both episodes resolved spontaneously…Based on these symptoms and physical assessment findings, which of the following additional complaints/problems will this patient experience in the future? Exacerbation of neurological symptoms following physical activity Premature closure of one or more of the cranial sutures during the first 18–20 months of an infant’s life is known as craniosynostosis. Your patient has been diagnosed with a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Which of the following is true regarding subarachnoid hemorrhages? Commonly caused by a rupture of a saccular aneurysm A teenager, exposed to West Nile virus a few weeks ago while camping with friends, is admitted with headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. The teenager is also displaying some lethargy and disorientation. The NP knows which of the following medical diagnoses listed below may be associated with these clinical manifestations? Encephalitis Your patient has been diagnosed with an ischemic stroke related to emboli. Unlike a transient ischemic attack, the brains cells in an ischemic stroke – experience membrane disintegration. The NP realizes the complement system is MOST involved in which of the following disorders? Myasthenia gravis The majority of cases of hydrocephalus are caused by decreased reabsorption of CSF. A 9-year-old boy has been brought to the emergency department by his father who is concerned by his son’s recent fever, stiff neck, pain, and nausea. Examination reveals a petechial rash. Which of the following assessment questions by the emergency room NP w ould be MOST helpful to determine diagnosis? “Has your son had any sinus or ear infections in the last little while?” A NP reads in a patient’s chart that the patient shows behaviors suggestive of neurofibrillary tangles & elevated build up of tau proteins. What information does the NP plan to provide the spouse? The patient will have a gradual decline in cognitive function. Tremors at rest, rigidity, akinesia, and postural abnormalities are a result of the atrophy of neurons in which part of the brain? Substantia nigra that produces dopamine A male newborn infant has been diagnosed with spina bifida occulta. Which of the following pathophysiological processes has most likely contributed to the infant’s health problem? The neural groove failed to fuse and completely close around the neural plate. The AGNP providing care for a 74-year-old man with diagnosis of Parkinson disease has recently changed the client’s medication regimen. What is the most likely focus of the pharmacologic treatment of the man’s health problem? Increasing the functional ability of the underactive dopaminergic system …Vascular dementia which is caused by cerebrovascular disease or impaired cerebral blood flow; Alzheimer disease which is caused by extracellular amyloid beta deposition, and neurofibrillary tangles; Normal pressure hydrocephalus which is caused by excessive fluid on the brain/ventricles. After reviewing the all the possible differentials and the patient symptoms, the PMHNP calls a colleague knowing the patient very well might need a ventriculoperitoneal shunt placed for the her psychiatric, urinary, and other symptoms. A nurse provides care for a number of older adult residents of a long-term care facility. Which of the following events from the last shift is most deserving of further assessment and possible interventions? A 79-year-old male client displays unprecedented (i.e. never seen previously) forgetfulness. Spastic hypertonia, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar responses, and clonus are characteristic of which form of cerebral palsy? Spastic The NP receives a CT head imaging report on a 56-year-old patient with neurofibroma 1 (NF1). The NP knows that typically NF1 is transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern. The CT scan report states the patient has a vestibular schwannomas which is compressing on the brain stem. The NP knows that treatment for such a lesion involves surgical excision. A 48-year-old man with a history of trisomy 21 comes to the NP for evaluation of worsening cognition…Which of the following risk factors is the most likely cause of this patient’s cognitive decline? Aneuploidy (chromosomal numerical disorder) While assessing a premature infant born at 25 weeks’ gestation, the NNP would suspect which diagnosis when the infant displays poor muscle tone, apnea, and a new onset of somnolence? Intraventricular hemorrhage